The role of partners, parents and friends in shaping young women's reproductive choices in Peri-urban Nairobi: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Contraceptive use among young women in Nairobi remains low despite high general knowledge of family planning (FP) methods. This paper draws on social norms theory to explore the role of key influencers (partners, parents and friends) in women's FP use and how women anticipate normative reactions or sanctions. METHODS: A qualitative study with 16 women, 10 men and 14 key influencers across 7 peri-urban wards in Nairobi, Kenya. Interviews were conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 by phone. A thematic analysis was conducted. RESULTS: Women identified parents, specifically mothers, aunts, partners, friends and healthcare workers as key influencers on FP. Their interactions with these key influencers varied based on trust, the information they needed about FP, and whether they perceived a key influencer to perpetuate or challenge existing social norms on FP. Mothers were perceived to understand the social risks of using FP and thus could advise on discreet FP use, and aunts were trusted and approachable sources to impartially describe the benefits and drawbacks of FP. Although women identified partners as key FP decision makers, they were cognisant of possible power imbalances affecting a final FP choice. CONCLUSIONS: FP interventions should consider the normative influence key actors have on women's FP choices. Opportunities to design and deliver network-level interventions which seek to engage with social norms surrounding FP in order to challenge misconceptions and misinformation among key influencers should be explored. Intervention design should consider dynamics of secrecy, trust and emotional closeness that mediate discussions of FP to address changing norms. Further training to change norms held by healthcare providers about why women, in particular unmarried young women, access FP should be provided to reduce barriers for FP access.

Women's decisions to use family planning (FP) are influenced by social norms, the unwritten rules of appropriate actions within social networks, and are shaped by advice and information received from key influencers­important individuals who shape what is acceptable within social networks. The aim of this study was to understand how key influencers uphold and transmit information and norms about FP, and explore who women consult as they make FP decisions and why they consult these key influencers.We interviewed 16 women, 10 partners and 14 key influencers in peri-urban Nairobi, Kenya.We found that key influencers for decisions about FP included mothers, aunts, partners, friends and healthcare providers. In making a decision about FP use, women consulted key influencers based on who they deemed trustworthy to keep their FP use secret and described less trust to speak with men about FP in their social networks. Mothers understood the social risks of using FP and so could advise on its discreet use, and aunts were approachable sources of impartial information about FP. Although women identified partners as key decision makers, they were aware that power imbalances might affect final FP choices.Our findings underscore the importance of FP interventions working with women's social networks and to address social norms influencing women's decisions in using FP. Interventions to change FP norms should consider dynamics of secrecy, trust and emotional closeness that affect FP discussions among women's networks.

Use of digital media for family planning information by women and their social networks in Kenya: A qualitative study in peri-urban Nairobi.

Access to information about family planning (FP) continues to have financial, physical and social barriers among young women living in Kenya. This paper draws on social norms theory to explore how young women and their social networks access FP information on digital media (e.g., WhatsApp, websites). Qualitative phone interviews were conducted with 40 participants - young women, their partners and key influencers - in seven peri-urban wards in Nairobi, Kenya. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings suggested that young women, their partners and key influencers predominately accessed FP information online through their informal networks, but identified healthcare workers as the most trusted sources of FP information. In digital spaces, participants described being more comfortable sharing FP information as digital spaces allowed for greater privacy and reduced stigma to talk about FP openly. Our findings highlight the importance of digital media in disseminating FP information among young women and their networks, the differences in norms governing the acceptability to talk about FP online vs. in-person and the significance of targeting misinformation about FP in digital media spaces.

Navigating family planning access during Covid-19: A qualitative study of young women's access to information, support and health services in peri-urban Nairobi.

The COVID-19 response has profoundly affected women's access to family planning services in Kenya. While prior studies have shown how the COVID-19 response created barriers to accessing family planning (FP) services, less is known about how the pandemic affected the normative influence that partners, peers, and health providers exert on women's FP choices. In this qualitative study, we interviewed 16 women (aged 18-25 years), 10 men in partnerships with women, and 14 people in women's social networks across 7 low-income wards in Nairobi, Kenya. Our findings suggest that COVID-19 response measures changed the contexts of normative influence on FP: financial insecurity, increased time at home with husbands or parents, and limited access to seek the support of health workers, friends, and other people in their social network affected how women negotiated FP access and use within their homes. Our study underscores the importance of ensuring FP is an essential service in a pandemic, and of developing health programs that change norms about FP to address the gendered burden of negotiating FP during COVID-19 and beyond.